Cutting compound



Patented June 13, 1939 UNITED. STATES PATENT OFFICE Production Oil Products, Inc.,

Illinois a corporation of No Drawing. Application 'April 2, 193i,

' Serial No. 134,573

12 Claims.

My invention relates to cutting oils ofthe typ sometimes-referred to in the industry as cutti 8 oils, straight cutting oi content for their cooling action on cutting to I shall employ the term "straight cutting oil or a term of like import; where I wish to identify this type of composition.

Cutting oils are-usually considered to be of two 0 general types, namely, straight cutting oils wherein water, if present at all, is ,found in only relae tivelysmall amounts and then only incidentally and in the form of dispersed, dissolved or discrete particles contained within the body of the oil; and soluble cutting oils wherein an oleaglnous constituent is combined with water to produce an emulsion'wherein water is present in substantial amounts and is the continuous phase, and where-' in the water acts as a coolant while the oil acts as a lubricant. It is only to the former cutting oil that my present invention is directed. The principal object of my present invention is the provision of an improved straight cutting oil.

5 Another objectis the provision of an .improved cutting oil having included as an ingredient thereof a material or a mixture of materials which function concomitantly to improve the cutting and cooling action part other improved-properties thereto.

Still another object of my'invention is the production of a base for use in straight cutting oils to ,improve the utility thereof.

Other objects andadvantages will become apparent as the description of ,my invention proceeds.

It has previous] been proposed to improve cutting oils of the sp-called soluble type and'also of the straight type 0 ammonium oleate, this being disclosed in the patent to Dahlbers, No. 1,881,173. In what way or exactly how or why ammonium oleate functlons, so far as the use thereof in straight oils is concerned, is not fully understood orap'preciated.

5 Soaps, as a general class, do not function ina manner to produce results comparable to those resulting from theuse of ammonium oleate.

After careful investigation, I have made the surprising finding that certain specific soaps or 0 classes of soaps possess very useful propertiesso far as i of straight cutting oils is concerned. These are the ammonium soaps-of higher organic-acids such as the higher fatty acids and the substituted 55 ammonium soaps'of said acids. Among the hightype of of the oil as well as imamine, pyridine and the like;

by the addition thereto of improving the cutting and cooling action er organic acids, containing at least six and preferably at least eight carbon atoms, employed or non-solubleo sf, in the making of said soaps are abietic acid, that is, oils which do not depend upona wekger rta-phthenc acids, parafflnlc and cyclo-parafllnic acids, saturated higher fatty acids such as lauric Q acid, myristic acid, mixed coconut oil fatty acids; stearic acid, palmitlc acid; unsaturated fatty acids such as ricinoleic acid, mixed palm oil fatty acids, mixed castor oil fatty acids, and other fatty acids or mixtures thereof derived from natl0 ural-cils, fats and waxes. In each case, the fatty acids which I employ are free of oleic acid or the oleic acid is present in such relatively small amounts as to be of negligible effect so far as the function of any ammonium soap formed there- Hi from. is concerned. In many instances, I can hydrogenate an unsaturated oil such as corn oil or cottonseed oil so that the-mixed fatty acidsproduced therefrom by catalytic reduction or by saponiflcation are relatively free of oleic'acid.

As I have stated above, the soaps are formed from the higher organic acids, suchas those mentioned above, and ammonia or substituted ammonia. 'By the term substituted ammonia" I mean to cover amines such asethyl amine, pro- I pyl amine, butyl amine, dimethyi amine: diamines such as ethylene diamine, mono-methyl ethylene 'diamine; other amines such as diethylene trialkylolamines such as monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethao nolamine and mixtures thereof as, imexample, are present in commercial triethanolamine, diethylethanolamine, butanolamine, pentanolamlne. and other alkylolamines; and quaternary ammonium bases such as tetra methyl hydroxide, tetra-ethyl ammonium hy xide, trimetfil benzyl ammonium hydroxide and the like. .Specifically,.1 have obtained unusually satisfactory results using ammonium laurate or the am- .monium soapsof mixed coconut oil'fatty acids.

Triethanolamine soaps of said latter fatty acids are also very. useful. I may also use trlethanolam ne oleate although not quite so satisfactorily as ammonium laurate.

I may proceed in various ways to produce my straight cutting oil compounds. For example. I may take m xed coconut oil fatty acids, in proper. proportions, and disperse or the same in a portion of minegal oil, the proportion of mineral o l generally being scmewhat'less in amount than the weight or volume or mixed acids'employed. I then react the said mixed acids with ammona or a substituted ammonia in a suitable way, for example, by introducing a concentrated "solution of ammonia, preferably commercial aqua ammonium 35 j ammonia (28% NHa). Stoichiometric amounts of the mixed coconut oil fatty acids and ammonia may be employed so that substantially all of the some cases, an excess of the mixed acids is advantageous in that the resulting product disperses more readily in the body of the straight cutting oil in which it is subsequently incor-' porated. In addition to, or in place of, excess mixed coconut oil fatty acids, I find that I also improve the propertiesof the cutting oil by incorporatingin the base, as just described, a relativelylarge proportion of oleic, acid, other higher fatty acids such as castor oil fatty acids, pine oil, hexalin and/or other blending agents. These agents promote better cooling action of the cutting oil, increased tool life, and,- in addition, have a general all-aroundfunction in improving a the product. The base, prepared as described, is

then incorporated in a straight cutting oil, usuthe resulting base are incorporated into fifteen ually stirred into said mixture.

ly until the ammonium laurate dissolves.

ally in proportions of from about %.to 10% by weight of the completed straight cutting oil.

Alternatively, the base may be made by adding preformed ammonium la-urate or the like, with or without addition agents, to a suitable oil and s dissolved in a the resulting base dispersed or larger body of oil.

The following examples are given by way of i,

illustration to point out even more fully my invention. It will be understood, however, that said examples are. not to be taken as limitative in any way of the full scope of my invention, the latter being limited only by the claims.

Example I Five; gallons of commercial mixed coconut oil fatty acids, three and one-half gallons of a light paraflin oil and two gallons of pine oil'are mixed together thoroughly at room temperature or slightly above and then seventy fluid ounces of commercial aqua ammonia (28% NI-Iz) are grad- The ammonium .boaps of'the mixed coconut oil fatty acids form when the aqua ammonia is introduced and, after all of it has been stirred in, stirring may be continued for a few minutes and the product is then ready for use as -a cutting oil base, the exact manner of'use being described hereinbelow.

l Example If One hundred 'and eighty-three (183) parts of commercial ammonium laurate in paste form are dissolved in three hundred and sixty-six (366) parts of .a -mineral oil and one hundred and of lubricant. ever, the base is found to be improved by incor- It is by no means necessary,-as my examples show, that the mixed coconut oil fatty acids and ammonia be introduced separately. For conveni' ence and ease of compounding, however, the

formation of the soap in situ is preferred. Other bornein mind that, in-general, I may produce the base itself without a content of free oleic acid or pine oil or other similar agent, in each case, however, retaining the oleaginous material in amount and character to facilitate'the introduction of the cutting oil base into a larger body For all practical purposes, howporating therein both pine. oil and a mineral oil as described 'in the illustrative examples given hereinabove. v

My cutting oil. base is adapted for use with any-of the usual straight cutting oils now employed in the industry, such as oils of mineral,

plant or animal origin, such as lard oil, kerosene and other mineral oils, sulfurized or unsulfurized, and treated with such other addition or reaction products as may be desired. The proportion of base with respect to straight oleaginous substance eighty-three (183) parts of pine oil, all parts be-( ing by weight, and the mixture is warmed slight- Approximately one and one-half (1 /2) pounds of gallons of a sulphurized cutting oil to finished cutting oil ready for use.

Example III Two hundred (200) parts of a mineral oil are produce a mixed with one hundred (100)v parts each of mixed coconut oil fatty acids and pine oil and warmed slightly to aid in effecting solution of -weight.

dispersed inlard in amounts of 2% to 4%, by

weight, of the completed product.

may vary, but I have found that, based upon the proportions given hereinabove, about two to four per cent of the base ladded to the standard,

straight cutting oil greatly improves the action of that oil, whatever its constitution and function was prior to the introduction of my improved base.

For example, in a' particular steel drilling operation, fifteen drills were required to be used in a twelve hour period using a standard sulphurized cutting oil as a coolant. -By adding one and onehalf pounds of the cutting oil base ofExample II to fifteen gallonso'f the same sulphurized cutting oil, only six drills were required .for the same job during the same period of time. Moreover, prior to the addition of my cutting oil base to the standard sulphurized cutting oil which was being employed, operation of the press had to be discontinuedat least once'an hour in order to allow the tool holders to cool. After the addition of the cutting oil base of my invention, no stoppage of operation of the press was necessary except that necessitated by a change of drills. In this particular case, the practice of my invention resulted in approximately 20% increase in production.

' In another case on a machine used for tapping hexagonal nuts, the life of the taps was increased from five hours, when using a standard cutting oil, to sixteen hours after the addition to said cutting oil of approximately 1%, by weight, of commercial ammonium laurate. Moreover, after the addition of the ammonium laurate, the work remained a great deal cooler than previously.

The cutting oil base of my invention may be added to mineral oil, sulfurized or unsulfurized oils, to lard oils and other oils derived from mineral, plant, animal or fish sources, or in -fact to any straight cutting oil however it may have been prepared; and breach case,jwhateve'r the treatincreased proportions ment or constitution of that oil has been, I have found that distinct and remarkable improvements are obtained by the addition of a proportion of my cutting oil base.

It is, of course, obvious that I am not limited in the proportions of materials employed in the cutting oil as employed on a machine. Inotherwords, in place of two to four per cent of the base, I may add to the cutting oil somewhat. less than two 'per cent or considerably in excess offour per cent without departing from the spirit and scope of my invention. In general, I have found however, that the use of a proportion of the base materially less than two per cent begins to cut down the function of the ammonium or substituted ammonium soaps and other ingredients too greatly, and that the use of proportions greatly above four per cent in general does notimprove the functions of the added ingredients sufliciently to warrant the added expense. Obviously, however, instances may and do arise where greatly may be used while still operating within the teaching of my invention. I may say also that there may be times when it will be advisableto increase the proportion of mineral oil or other similar oleaginous material in the base, both for the purpose of improving the character of the base itself under certain circumstances and also facilitating the introduction of the base into certain types of straight cutting oils. Proportions of mineral oil with respect to ammonium or substituted ammonium soaps em- 35 tance. In general, therefore, while ployed in the base, while generally not critical, may, under certain circumstances, be of importhe percentage of cutting oil base is not critical, not more than about 10% should be used, primarily for reasons of economy. The proportion of the ammonium laurate or the like in itself should be correspondingly lower than that of the base of which it forms only a part.

In the use of the cutting oil of my invention, a final feature may be noted as important from a practical, commercial point of view. While certain features are fundamental and may apply in all instances, it nevertheless is known that each instance where a cutting oil is used is in a sense associated with specific conditions and problems. For example, in one case, two per cent of a base product. made in accordance with my invention may be adequate to secure the best results possible; while in another instance three per cent of the base product may function somewhat better than two per cent. In still another instance, a sulfurized oil used conjointly with my cutting oil base may give better results than for example the use of lard oil with my cutting -oil base; while in still another instance a lard oil or simple mineral oil or other oil may be more than adequately improved by the mere addition of a relatively small proportion of the base of my invention. My invention, therefore, may be practiced in such a way that a complete straight cutting oil ready to be used on, for example, an automatic screw machine may be given to the user. The sale of the base product, however, has the advantage that it can be combined. in various proportions with various types of commonly employed straight cutting oils and, in this way, better results may be obtained in meeting specific problems as they arise.

I wish to distinguish my invention sharply wherein the fatty acid is from the well-known "soluble" cutting oils. The present invention is not concerned with said latter type of oils and is, therefore, not to be confused therewith.

What I claim as new and Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. A straight cutting oil comprising a substantially non-aqueous mixture containing a major selected from the group consisting of ammonium and substituted ammoniumwsoaps of a higher fatty acid substantially free of oleic acid.

3. A straight cutting oil comprising a substantially non-aqueous mixture containing a major proportion of an oil and a minor proportion of a substance selected from the group consisting of ammonium and substituted ammonium soaps of a higher saturated fatty acid.

4- A composition in accordance with claim 3, wherein the oil is a mineral oil.

5, A straight cutting oil comprising a substantially non-aqueous mixture containing mineral oil and a relatively small proportion, based on the weight of said mineral oil, of a substance selected from the group consisting of ammonium and substituted ammonium soaps of mixed coconut oil fatty acids. t

6. A composition in accordance with claim 3, essentially lauric acid.

'7. A cutting compound in accordance with claim 5 wherein the straight cutting oil-contains between about 55% and by weight of the ammonium soap of mixed coconut oil fatty acids.

8. A substantially non-aqueous base for straight cutting oil compositions containing a higher fatty acid, a substance selected from the group consisting of ammonium and substituted ammonium soaps of a higher fatty acid substantially free of oleic acid, and an oil selected from the group consisting of animal, vegetable and mineral oils.

9. A substantially non-aqueous base for straight cutting oil compositions in accordance with claim 8 wherein the soap comprises an ammonium soap of mixed coconut oil fatty acids. 10. A substantially non-aqueous base for straight cutting oil compositions in accordance with claim 8 wherein the soap comprises essentially ammonium laurate.

11. A straight cutting oil comprising a substantially non-aqueous mixture which contains a largely predominant amount of a readily mobile oil, the remainder comprising oleic acid and an .ammonium soap of mixed coconut oil fatty acids.

12. A substantially nonueous base for straight cutting oil compositions containing an oil and a relatively large proportion of an am- -monium soap of saturated higher fatty "acids, 7

to be dispersed through to produce said-base being adapted a large volume of a readily mobile oil a straight cutting oil composition.

WALTER S.

desire to protect by 

